which statement describes the spanish colonization of north america

Q2: Option D. The primary economic interest of French and Dutch colonists in North America was the fur trade. The empire was formed by and under the command of Marshal Jean-Bdel Bokassa, military dictator and president of the Central African Republic, on 4 December 1976. [157] The story of Doa Marina, also known as Malinche, was the subject of a Mexican TV miniseries in 2018. "California Indian Characteristics". Although Spaniards had hoped to find vast quantities of gold, the discovery of large quantities of silver became the motor of the Spanish colonial economy, a major source of income for the Spanish crown, and transformed the international economy. [29], Between 1537 and 1543, six[citation needed] Spanish expeditions entered highland Colombia, conquered the Muisca Confederation, and set up the New Kingdom of Granada (Spanish: Nuevo Reino de Granada). There was quite a bit of gold coming in. The first two were in the Alto Per, present-day Bolivia, at Charcas (present day Sucre, 25 May), and La Paz (16 July); and the third in present-day Ecuador at Quito (10 August). 1875. The spectacular conquests of central Mexico (151921) and Peru (1532) sparked Spaniards' hopes of finding yet another high civilization. [90] A similar legal apparatus was set up in Lima.[91]. [71], As the basic political entity it was the governorate, or province. They replicated the existing indigenous network of settlements, but added a port city. [35][36], Argentina was not conquered or later exploited in the grand fashion of central Mexico or Peru, since the indigenous population was sparse and there were no precious metals or other valuable resources. The Mixtecs of colonial Oaxaca: udzahui history, sixteenth through eighteenth centuries. The other was the presence or absence of an exploitable resource for the enrichment of settlers. Prominent Dominican friars in Santo Domingo, especially Antonio de Montesinos and Bartolom de Las Casas denounced the maltreatment and pressed the crown to act to protect the indigenous populations. Las Casas, Bartolome. [74], Beginning in 1522 in the newly conquered Mexico, government units in the Spanish empire had a royal treasury controlled by a set of oficiales reales (royal officials). Europeans imported enslaved Africans to the early Caribbean settlements to replace indigenous labor and enslaved and free Africans were part of colonial-era populations. Chapter 2: England's Colonies Flashcards | Quizlet Columbus's discovery opened a floodgate of Spanish exploration. Burkholder, Mark A. and Lyman L. Johnson. England's colonization of North America differed from that of its European rivals. Each order set up networks of parishes in the various regions (provinces), sited in existing indigenous settlements, where Christian churches were built and where evangelization of the indigenous was based. The governors exercised judicial ordinary functions of first instance, and prerogatives of government legislating by ordinances. The New Laws of 1542 were the result, limiting the power of encomenderos, the private holders of grants to indigenous labor previously held in perpetuity. The Spanish conquest. The individual leaders of expeditions assumed the expenses of the venture and in return received as reward the grant from the government of the conquered territories;[69] and in addition, they received instructions about treating the indigenous peoples. These could be sold in markets and thereby converted to cash. Cuba and Puerto Rico were lost to the United States in 1898, following the SpanishAmerican War, ending its colonial rule in the Americas. In the 1480s, Pope Sixtus IV had granted Portugal the right to all land south of the Cape Verde islands, leading the Portuguese king to claim that the lands discovered by Columbus belonged to Portugal, not Spain. It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to Latin America in the period between 1492 and 1824, with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence. All of the colonies, except Cuba and Puerto Rico, attained independence by the 1820s. The rural regions remained highly indigenous, with little interface between the large numbers of indigenous and the small numbers of the Repblica de Espaoles, which included Blacks and mixed-race castas. [111] Besides court of justice, the Audiencias had functions of government as counterweight the authority of the viceroys, since they could communicate with both the Council of the Indies and the king without the requirement of requesting authorization from the viceroy. Don Martn was sent into exile, while other conspirators were executed. Although there were restrictions of appointees' ties to local elite society and participation in the local economy, they acquired dispensations from the cash-strapped crown. Spanish colonization of the Americas - Wikipedia Direct link to Jude's post I believe the caste syste, Posted 5 years ago. Archbishop Juan Rodrguez de Fonseca, Isabella's confessor, was tasked with reining in Columbus's independence. [58] In southern Chile and the pampas, the Araucanians (Mapuche) prevented further Spanish expansion. The Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, almost all of Central America and most of North America. What factors lead to their demise? Spain sought similar wealth, and authorized Columbus's voyage sailing west. [29][31] This Mapuche victory laid the foundation for the establishment of a Spanish-Mapuche frontier called La Frontera. "Nicols de Ovando" in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGngora1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLagos_Carmona1985 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFHistoria_general_de_Espaa1992 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBushnell1981 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChipman2005 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBushnell1981 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFChipman2005 (. The Spanish had mixed-race children in the Americas with enslaved Africans and Native Americans. Posted 4 years ago. Spaniards continued to expand their presence in the circum-Caribbean region with expeditions. the great depression caused the stock market crash of 1929. the stock market crash of . American colonies, also called thirteen colonies or colonial America, the 13 British colonies that were established during the 17th and early 18th centuries in what is now a part of the eastern United States. [41][a] For political reasons, Spain would sometimes claim that La Florida[b] was all of the North American continent. "Juzgado General de Indios del Per o Juzgado Particular de Indios de el cercado de Lima.". For Spaniards, the fierce Chichimecas barred them for exploiting mining resources in northern Mexico. Spanish land in America was divided into small units, and each unit was run by a(n . Norman: University of Oklahoma Press|1985. The Spanish founded San Sebastin de Uraba in 1509 but abandoned it within the year. The royal official in charge of a district was the Corregidor, who was appointed by the viceroy, usually for a five-year term. They were referred to as Espaoles and Espaolas, and later being differentiated by the terms indicating place of birth, peninsular for those born in Spain; criollo/criolla or Americano/Ameriana for those born in the Americas. Gold existed in only small amounts, and the indigenous peoples died off in massive numbers. "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect. A second (and permanent) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who arrived by sailing down the Paran River from Asuncin, now the capital of Paraguay. [132] The crown expelled the Jesuits from Spain and The Indies in 1767 during the Bourbon Reforms. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, pp. Latin America stretches from the southern boundaries of the United States in North America to the southern tip of South America.. 2. [104] With the 1508 papal grant to the crown of the Patronato real, the crown, rather than the pope, exercised absolute power over the Catholic Church in the Americas and the Philippines, a privilege the crown zealously guarded against erosion or incursion. A social system in which class status is determined at birth. Equally important, rich deposits of the valuable metal silver. Among the foodstuffs that became staples in European cuisine and could be grown there were tomatoes, squashes, bell peppers, and to a lesser extent, chili peppers; also nuts of various kinds: walnut]]s, cashews, pecans, and peanuts. There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa Mara la Antigua del Darin. The salary of officials during the Habsburg era were paltry, but the corregidor or alcalde mayor in densely populated areas of indigenous settlement with a valuable product could use his office for personal enrichment. [160] The similarly epic and dark journey of Lope de Aguirre was made into a film by Werner Herzog, Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972), starring Klaus Kinsky. In the Indies, corregimiento initially functioned to bring control over Spanish settlers who exploited the indigenous populations held in encomienda, in order to protect the shrinking indigenous populations and prevent the formation of an aristocracy of conquerors and powerful settlers. The Taino population on Hispaniola went from hundreds of thousands or millions the estimates by scholars vary widely but in the mid-1490s, they were practically wiped out. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following was a primary feature of social relations established in the Spanish colonies in the Western Hemisphere?, In their colonization of the Americas, the Spanish used the encomienda system to, Which of the following statements about the population of North America at the time of Christopher Columbus' voyages is . Muldoon, James. So did the Caste System decide who got certain rights and places of power or was it merely a way of categorizing the people? 1531); Guadalajara (153142); Valladolid (now Morelia), (152941); Antequera (now Oaxaca(152529); Campeche (1541); and Mrida. The Conquest of Michoacn: The Spanish Domination of the Tarascan Kingdom in Western Mexico, 15211530. The Spanish Crown separated them into the Repblica de Indios. Smaller islands claimed by Spain were lost to the English and the Dutch, with France taking half of Hispaniola and establishing the sugar-producing colony of St-Domingue, as well as also taking other islands. In the early period for Spaniards, formal ownership of land was less important than control of indigenous labor and receiving tribute. Invasion of the American continents and incorporation into the Spanish Empire, "Conquista" redirects here. [89] In Mexico, the crown established the General Indian Court (Juzgado General de Indios), which heard disputes affecting individual indigenous as well as indigenous communities. Tribute goods in Mexico were most usually lengths of cotton cloth, woven by women, and maize and other foodstuffs produced by men. In Peru, Spaniards founded the city of Lima as their capital and its nearby port of Callao, rather than the high-altitude site of Cuzco, the center of Inca rule. [103] Based in Castile, with the assignment of the governance of the Indies, it was thus responsible for drafting legislation, proposing the appointments to the King for civil government as well as ecclesiastical appointments, and pronouncing judicial sentences; as maximum authority in the overseas territories, the Council of the Indies took over both the institutions in the Indies as the defense of the interests of the Crown, the Catholic Church, and of indigenous peoples. As many as 60 salaried soldiers were garrisoned in presidios. The establishment of large, permanent Spanish settlements attracted a whole range of new residents, who set up shop as carpenters, bakers, tailors and other artisan activities. Direct link to Batuhan #BringBackBackgrounds's post The monarchy took most of, Posted 2 years ago. 1. It is estimated that during the colonial period (14921832), a total of 1.86million Spaniards settled in the Americas, and a further 3.5million immigrated during the post-colonial era (18501950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century and most during the 18th century, as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon dynasty.[2]. A well-connected settler in Cuba, Hernn Corts received authorization in 1519 by the governor of Cuba to form an expedition of exploration-only to this far western region. Powers, Stephen. [13] There are many such works for Mexico, often drawing on native-language documentation in Nahuatl,[93][94] Mixtec,[95] and Yucatec Maya. [123], As the empire expanded into areas of less dense indigenous populations, the crown created a chain of presidios, military forts or garrisons, that provided Spanish settlers protection from Indian attacks. Disease and overwork, disruption of family life and the agricultural cycle (which caused severe food shortages to Spaniards dependent on them) rapidly decimated the indigenous population. The early Caribbean proved a massive disappointment for Spaniards, who had hoped to find mineral wealth and exploitable indigenous populations. The conquest of central Mexico sparked further Spanish conquests, following the pattern of conquered and consolidated regions being the launching point for further expeditions. . Potos (founded 1545) was in the zone of dense indigenous settlement, so that labor could be mobilized on traditional patterns to extract the ore. An important element for productive mining was mercury for processing high-grade ore. Peru had a source in Huancavelica (founded 1572), while Mexico had to rely on mercury imported from Spain. Although implementation was slow and incomplete, it was an assertion of royal power over the clergy and the quality of parish priests improved, since the Ordenanza mandated competitive examination to fill vacant positions. History of Latin America | Meaning, Countries, Map, & Facts Inquisitional powers were initially vested in bishops, who could root out idolatry and heresy. The Jesuits resisted crown control, refusing to pay the tithe on their estates that supported the ecclesiastical hierarchy and came into conflict with bishops. Spanish expansion into modern-day Mexico that Spanish explorers were able to find wealth on the scale that they had been hoping for. Q1: Option B. St. Augustine was the name of the first Spanish colonial settlement in Florida. According to Cook, the indigenous Californian population at first contact, in 1769, was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910. Denial of atrocities against indigenous peoples - Wikipedia The crown established the audiencia in 1549. While chartered by the Crown, English colonization was funded by joint-stock companies, groups of investors eager for profits. The crown asserted is authority and sovereignty of the territory and vassals it claimed, collected taxes, maintained public order, meted out justice, and established policies for governance of large indigenous populations. 1496: Santo Domingo, the first European permanent settlement, is built. [6] 1493: Columbus arrives in Puerto Rico. Large deposits were found in a single mountain in the viceroyalty of Peru, the Cerro Rico, in what is now Bolivia, and in several places outside of the dense indigenous zone of settlement in northern Mexico, Zacatecas and Guanajuato. [127], Christian evangelization of non-Christian peoples was a key factor in Spaniards' justification of the conquest of indigenous peoples in what was called "the spiritual conquest". In the following years, Spain extended its rule over the Empire of the Inca civilization. [45] In 1565, Spain established a settlement in St. Augustine, Florida, lasting in one way or another until modern times. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like An unintended but very real consequence of the Great Awakening was that it reduced colonial impulses toward democracy in civic life, Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the political dynamic in the colonies, Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the slave economies of colonial North America and more.

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which statement describes the spanish colonization of north america

which statement describes the spanish colonization of north america